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What Was the Japanese American Internment?

Tricia Christensen
Tricia Christensen
Tricia Christensen
Tricia Christensen

The Japanese American Internment refers to the forced imprisonment of Japanese residents of the US — about two-thirds of them citizens of America and born on American soil — that occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor during World War II. Many modern historians and even political officials of the time condemned this action — called Executive Order 9066 — which was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942. It immediately ordered most American Japanese into what have been termed prison camps, internment camps or even concentration camps (Roosevelt called them the latter), because many officials feared that even American citizens of Japanese descent might attempt hostile acts against the US.

Though President Roosevelt’s first inaugural address included the famous quote that there is “nothing to fear but fear itself,” most contend that the Japanese American Internment was motivated by fear, and by increasing hatred of the Japanese country during WWII. Although there had been a few incidents of Japanese Americans turning against the US, the majority of people interned were law-abiding citizens, and government reports studying the matter since have concluded that interment was not necessary from a military or country security standpoint.

The Japanese American internment began after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese American internment began after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

Once the Japanese American Internment was authorized, Japanese American citizens were almost immediately evacuated into military controlled camps. This required many of them to abandon property they had worked hard to obtain, and few citizens, even if they had relatives serving in the US military, were exempt. Many lost rights to their property forever. In a few instances, neighbors of those imprisoned held and worked farms and other businesses until they were released from the camps.

The USS Arizona memorial at Pearl Harbor.
The USS Arizona memorial at Pearl Harbor.

In all, about 112,000 people were officially held in internment camps, spread across the US, from 1943-1945. In December of 1944, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Japanese American Internment violated the Civil Rights of citizens. Those interned were mainly released in January of 1945, given $25 US dollars (USD) and a train ticket back to their former homes, if they still were theirs. This enforced imprisonment created anti-American sentiment for some, but for others, they were simply glad to be released.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans.

Conditions in Japanese American Internment camps were generally poor. People weren’t always prepared for differences in the weather, and families were sometimes separated. Since there was little time to prepare for imprisonment, many suffered with not enough warm clothing, and lived in shelters that did nothing to keep out the cold. Food could be scarce and support for each person in most camps was limited to about 45 cents a day. Depending upon the camp, some people were allowed to go outside to work or attend school, while other camps had greater restrictions and curfews. There were also internment camps for Germans and Italians, though these were fewer in number.

The U.S. Supreme Court ended Japanese American Internment, which was ruled a violation of civil rights.
The U.S. Supreme Court ended Japanese American Internment, which was ruled a violation of civil rights.

In 1988, after many years of debate, the US Congress agreed to pay $20,000 USD to each person who had been interned, even if they were no longer US citizens. It may surprise some to learn that paying reparations was strongly opposed by some congressmen, who argued that the Japanese were better off for being interned. This view was clearly not shared by the bulk of Congress or by the Japanese who had suffered this fate simply by being Japanese.

Tricia Christensen
Tricia Christensen

Tricia has a Literature degree from Sonoma State University and has been a frequent WiseGEEK contributor for many years. She is especially passionate about reading and writing, although her other interests include medicine, art, film, history, politics, ethics, and religion. Tricia lives in Northern California and is currently working on her first novel.

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Tricia Christensen
Tricia Christensen

Tricia has a Literature degree from Sonoma State University and has been a frequent WiseGEEK contributor for many years. She is especially passionate about reading and writing, although her other interests include medicine, art, film, history, politics, ethics, and religion. Tricia lives in Northern California and is currently working on her first novel.

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Discussion Comments

Kinomata

Out of 110,000 Japanese imprisoned in America's Japanese prison camps (incorrectly called internment camps) there was one man who had all the qualifications not to be incarcerated.

He was Kenji Inomata a.k.a. Inomata Kingi and was twice exempted from the detention centers. He was first exempted by United States Attorney William Fleet Palmer in April 1942 and then by the racist General John L. DeWitt in September 1942 under the army's racist mixed marriage policy. His amazing story appears in a book titled, "Pure Winds, Bright Moon: The Untold Story of the Stately Steward and His Hapa Family Beautiful."

anon307712

One-third of the Japanese Americans were not even Japanese at all.

Qohe1et

Perhaps if Caucasians considered how difficult it would be to go and settle in Asia they might understand the challenges presented to the average Asian coming into a seemingly strange and distant culture on the other side of the world.

GigaGold

Anti-East Asian sentiments often go unrecognized. It is important to realize how difficult it can be for Asians to settle in the States. They are often required to stay confined to small communities due to Americans' lack of respect for their cultures. Although an Asian would normally agree with any joke you make about their heritage, and offer the other cheek in self-deprecation, you should not see this as an encouragement to continue jeering.

BigBloom

To this day it can be difficult for Japanese to settle in the States due to many mutual misperceptions. Hawaii is the safest place for Japanese immigrants, and as a result, so many Japanese immigrants choose to call it home. Why is it that there are relatively few in other states?

TrogJoe19

Sometimes I wonder why there was such particular discrimination shown against Japanese. Wasn't our general German? If we showed such caution in keeping an eye on the Japanese, why did we nevertheless allow a German-American to lead our forces? Such a question may seem ridiculous, but I think that the absurdity of a Japanese internment makes it seem like a reasonable point.

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    • The Japanese American internment began after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
      The Japanese American internment began after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
    • The USS Arizona memorial at Pearl Harbor.
      By: John Sfondilias
      The USS Arizona memorial at Pearl Harbor.
    • President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans.
      By: Simfalex
      President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment of Japanese-Americans.
    • The U.S. Supreme Court ended Japanese American Internment, which was ruled a violation of civil rights.
      By: trekandshoot
      The U.S. Supreme Court ended Japanese American Internment, which was ruled a violation of civil rights.
    • In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered most American Japanese into what have been termed prison camps, internment camps or even concentration camps.
      By: Jean-Jacques Cordier
      In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered most American Japanese into what have been termed prison camps, internment camps or even concentration camps.
    • Many Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps after Japan's air attack on U.S. military installations in Hawaii on 7 December 1941.
      Many Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps after Japan's air attack on U.S. military installations in Hawaii on 7 December 1941.