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What Is the Difference between Antiseptics and Disinfectants?

Gregory Hanson
Gregory Hanson

Antiseptics and disinfectants are both used to kill or to limit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. The key difference between them is the place in which they they are used. Antiseptics are used on exposed portions of the body, often, but not always, at the site of a wound or surgical incision, in order to prevent infection. Disinfectants are used on other surfaces, ranging from operating room surfaces to kitchen counters, in order to destroy potentially dangerous microbes.

The use of both disinfectants and antiseptics is a fairly recent addition to medical practice. The miasmatic theory of disease, which held that diseases were caused by foul environmental influences rather than microorganisms, remained widely accepted into the middle of the 19th century. The medical establishment proved reluctant to change standard procedures, even in the face of overwhelming experimental evidence.

Some people prefer to use antibacterial wipes to disinfect surfaces.
Some people prefer to use antibacterial wipes to disinfect surfaces.

Early pioneers in research on antiseptics and disinfectants, such as Ignaz Semmelweis, who studied mortality among mothers treated without proper antiseptic procedures, quickly noted that basic sanitary precautions greatly reduced many of the risks associated with medical treatment. Although doctors were slow to adopt his advice, eventually, his view prevailed. Joseph Lister became the most successful proponent of the use of antiseptics and disinfectants, and his work sufficed to gradually shift standard medical practice.

Both disinfectants and antiseptics are formulated to kill microbes.
Both disinfectants and antiseptics are formulated to kill microbes.

Antiseptics and disinfectants both work to kill microbes, but antiseptics must also cause little or no harm to the tissues of the body. Hydrogen peroxide and alcohol are among the most common antiseptics used in both medical and household applications. They are typically used to clean the skin before an incision is made, to eliminate any potentially dangerous microbes on the skin's surface. Antiseptics may also be used to treat surface cuts or abrasions to kill any microbes that might have already entered a wound, although this process can slightly damage the tissue and cause discomfort as well.

A variety of disinfectants are available for use depending on the type of surface a person intends to clean.
A variety of disinfectants are available for use depending on the type of surface a person intends to clean.

Disinfectant agents, unlike antiseptics, need not be safe for use on living tissue. Many common household substances have excellent disinfectant properties. A simple solution of bleach is extremely effective in killing most microbes, and bleach is widely used for this purpose, both in medical facilities and in ordinary household applications. When using a chemical agent as a disinfectant is not desirable, other options exist, including the use of ultraviolet light or radiation, both of which are generally unsuitable for use on living tissue but can be very effective in eliminating microbes.

Discussion Comments

anon958616

Antiseptics are for the body and disinfectants are for cleaning.

indigomoth

I find it's a really good idea to keep a tube of antiseptic cream in the cupboard for whenever I get any kind of cuts or burns. It's easy to brush them off when they don't hurt much but they heal much faster with the cream.

This is particularly true with cat scratches. I've noticed they take twice as long to heal without using the cream right away, probably because cats have dirty claws.

pleonasm

@Mor - Well, for some time they DID know better and they just ignored the evidence. It must have been so heart breaking for the people who were collecting the evidence to see patient after patient die when they could have lived. All for the want of a procedure that was so quick and painless and inexpensive.

And we also should remember that even today, cleaning with disinfectants and antiseptics is not universal. There are many countries where aid workers are still fighting to get people to understand that they should use soap to wash their hands before eating with them. Those people have never been to school and have no conception of bacteria. It's no surprise they don't understand the point of disinfection.

But those doctors had no excuse.

Mor

I visited an old operating theater when I was in London and they were having a demonstration of the tools that would have been used hundreds of years ago. It was absolutely brutal, but the worst thing of all was the hygiene. Doctors would not wash their hands and would use the same tools over and over without even a soap and water rinse.

I mean, it seems obvious to us now, but they just didn't know any better. We are so lucky to live in a day and age where this is common knowledge.

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    • Some people prefer to use antibacterial wipes to disinfect surfaces.
      By: Scott Milless
      Some people prefer to use antibacterial wipes to disinfect surfaces.
    • Both disinfectants and antiseptics are formulated to kill microbes.
      By: diego cervo
      Both disinfectants and antiseptics are formulated to kill microbes.
    • A variety of disinfectants are available for use depending on the type of surface a person intends to clean.
      By: Sebastian Duda
      A variety of disinfectants are available for use depending on the type of surface a person intends to clean.
    • Antiseptics are most commonly used to treat minor surface cuts and abrasions.
      By: WideAwake
      Antiseptics are most commonly used to treat minor surface cuts and abrasions.
    • Antiseptics may be used at the site of a surgical incision.
      By: dacasdo
      Antiseptics may be used at the site of a surgical incision.
    • Disinfectants are often necessary to keep an operating room clean.
      By: Tyler Olson
      Disinfectants are often necessary to keep an operating room clean.
    • Antiseptics may help prevent infection in open wounds.
      By: MarcoBagnoli Elflaco
      Antiseptics may help prevent infection in open wounds.