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What is Fluid Dynamics?

Adam Hill
Adam Hill

Fluid dynamics refers to a subcategory of the science of fluid mechanics, with the other subcategory being fluid statics. While fluid statics deals with fluids that are at rest, fluid dynamics is concerned with fluids that are in motion. Any matter in a gas or liquid state can be considered a fluid. Fluid dynamics is a discipline with many relevant applications in our modern world, most notably because it contains the study of aerodynamics, and also because it comprises part of weather prediction. A typical fluid dynamics problem may include such variables as velocity, temperature, and density.

All of the physical sciences, including fluid dynamics, are governed first and foremost by the laws of conservation. These state that the total amounts of energy, mass, and linear momentum in a closed system remain constant, and that energy and mass can neither be created nor destroyed. That they may change forms, it is true, but they cannot disappear or come from nothing. These laws constitute some of the most basic assumptions in science.

Fluid dynamics is concerned with fluids that are in motion.
Fluid dynamics is concerned with fluids that are in motion.

Another governing principle of fluid dynamics is the continuum assumption, also called the continuum hypothesis. While fluids are known to be composed of microscopic, discreet particles, this hypothesis states that they are continuous, and that their properties vary evenly throughout. This often serves as a helpful mathematical approximation, even though it technically ignores one of the basic characteristics of fluids.

Before the invention of powered flight and aircraft in the 20th century, the term hydrodynamics was often used interchangeably with fluid dynamics, because most of fluid mechanics was devoted to studying liquids in motion, rather than gases in motion. When traveling by aircraft became more common, the need developed for these machines to be more efficient at creating and maintaining lift, with a minimum of drag. The branch of study known as aerodynamics made leaps and bounds because of the new technology, which has also come to be applied to automobiles, to some extent, with the goal of increased fuel efficiency.

One of the more important figures in modern aerodynamics was Octave Chanute. In addition to compiling a comprehensive volume of the study of aerodynamics in the late 1800s, he personally assisted the Wright brothers in building their famous aircraft, which accomplished the first manned, powered flight in 1903. It was likely due to this help that they accomplished their goal just ahead of the next closest contender, Samuel Pierpont Langley.

Discussion Comments

SkyWhisperer

@allenJo - I can see how oceanographers would use fluid dynamics to test the effects of waves in the ocean, especially those that are triggered by an earthquake or other seismic event that could produce a tsunami.

I think that the scientists have developed sophisticated formulas where they can predict how big the waves get over time, given a certain application of force.

I’ve seen shows that attempt to mimic these effects using laboratory experiments, using water in a container that is stimulated with a generator or some other device to create mini waves.

I think it’s neat that they can study this stuff on a micro level and extrapolate conclusions from their studies that would be just as applicable on a macro level.

allenJo

@NathanG - Yes, I used to watch TV shows that showed how cars were tested for how aerodynamic they were.

They’d put the car in a chamber and blast a continuous wave of air over the car, letting it rise and flow over the car to determine how well it responded to the air flow.

I know for a fact that they do this with aviation but it’s cool to see how they do it with cars too. I never would have called it fluid dynamics up until now.

NathanG

If you want to see a modern application of fluid dynamics in action, just take a dip in your local wave pool at an amusement park. There you will see water change form into waves, and then break form again and go back into its regular state (no waves). In neither case is matter created or destroyed. It just changes form.

Up until now, however, I had only thought fluid dynamics referred only to fluids, not gases. This article points out that they can be applied to both, thus making it a useful branch of study in the field of aviation.

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    • Fluid dynamics is concerned with fluids that are in motion.
      By: Cisek Ciesielski
      Fluid dynamics is concerned with fluids that are in motion.