What is Euphorbia?

Euphorbia is the genus name for a group of approximately 2,100 plants. Depending on the species, the plants of the Euphorbia genus are native to Africa, Asia, parts of Europe, and the eastern and southwestern sections of the United States. The plants can be tree-like, cactus-like, or even weed-like. Among the most well-known species is Euphorbia pulcherrima, or the poinsettia. Many species of Euphorbia are toxic, but some species are used in alternative medicine practices.

The sap of many species of Euphorbia can cause irritation to the skin and eyes for people and animals. In fact, there have even been reports that, if a large section of a large plant is cut, it can release toxins into the air, causing people and animals to have breathing problems. As a result, caution should be used when handling these plants.

One species of Euphorbia, E. ingens, can grow large enough to resemble a tree, but on closer examination, it is quite similar to a cactus or succulent. It can grow to 40 feet (about 12.2 m) tall and has yellow flowers that bloom during the winter. It is also called a candelabra tree and, like many plants in the genus, it has a toxic latex sap.

Some plants in the Euphorbia genus are succulents, such as E. obesa. This plant is often called the basketball plant or the gingham plant. It is typically camouflaged by its sandy surrounding, growing best in South Africa. It produces delicate flowers that are approximately a 0.10 inches (about 2.5 mm) in diameter.

The poinsettia, or E. pulcherrima, is a popular plant during the Christmas season, particularly in the United States. It also is quite poisonous, especially if an animal consumes the leaves of the plant. It typically has red leaves that are large and bold with small yellow flowers that grow in clusters.

The weed-like E. peplus originated in Europe, but is now considered invasive in many areas across North America. It is also known as cancer weed or radium weed. It can grow to 12 inches (about 30.5 cm) tall and has green flowers that blend in with the green succulent-like leaves. Although the sap of this plant is toxic, it is often used by homeopathic medicine practitioners to remove warts, sunspots, and age spots. Some research has indicated that the sap may be useful for treating skin cancer as well.

Another plant in this genus, E. pekinensis or Peking spurge, often is used in Chinese medicine. It is sometimes used as an expectorant to soothe coughs. In addition, the roots are believed to reduce swelling in the body and face.