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What is a Flathead Catfish?

Dave Fidlin
Dave Fidlin

Like its fish cousins, flathead catfish are noted for their whisker-like barbels around the mouth and scaleless skin. This particular breed, however, has a flat head — as the name suggests — that sets it apart from other types of catfish. A true flathead also can be marked by its projecting lower jaw, in addition to a slightly notched tail fin. Flatheads — sometimes referred to as a yellow cat, opelousas or shovelhead cat — can grow as long as 4 feet (about 1.2 meters).

Some of the larger varieties weigh upwards of 100 pounds (about 45 kilograms). In terms of physical appearance, flathead catfish typically have a pale yellow appearance, hence the nickname yellow cat. Depending upon the variation, they also can have an olive or light brown tint to their skin, though at infancy their appearance can be much darker. In most instances, a flathead's stomach region is cream colored or pale yellow. Other characteristics include sharp spines on the back and shoulder fins.

Largemouth bass are preyed on by adult flathead catfish.
Largemouth bass are preyed on by adult flathead catfish.

In addition to the few notable physical features, flathead catfish differ in terms of their eating habits as well. They are far more finicky than other types of catfish, which are oftentimes deemed scavengers. Flatheads live solely on live fish. A typical meal for an infant flathead consists of crayfish, insects and worms. As they grow into adulthood, they begin to eat such species as largemouth bass, other catfish — including fellow flatheads — sunfish and carp.

Flathead catfish can live in a variety of climates; for this reason they are native to a number of bodies of water throughout North America, from as far north as the lower Great Lakes region to as far south as the northern portion of Mexico. Mating season for a flathead is generally between May and August, when water temperatures range between 75 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit (23 to 27 degrees Celsius). According to water biologists, flatheads in optimal living conditions have a life expectancy ranging from 12 to 14 years.

Throughout most of their lives, flathead catfish tend to swim in solitude. This is in direct contrast to other types of fish that swim in schools, or groups — oftentimes in unison with one another. The one notable exception for a flathead is during the fry stage. Young flatheads typically band together for a few days after hatching, but eventually go off on their own, seeking shelter from prey as they sojourn on to their adult lives.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Flathead Catfish?

A Flathead Catfish, scientifically known as Pylodictis olivaris, is a large species of North American freshwater catfish. It's distinguished by its broad, flat head and brown, mottled body. These fish are bottom-dwellers and are known for their predatory nature, often consuming fish, insects, and crustaceans.

Where can Flathead Catfish be found?

Flathead Catfish are native to the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River basins, extending into northern Mexico. They inhabit a range of freshwater environments, including rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, they have been introduced to other areas, expanding their presence across the United States.

How big can Flathead Catfish get?

Flathead Catfish are one of the largest North American freshwater fish species. They can grow up to 5 feet in length and weigh over 100 pounds, although the average size is typically around 15-40 pounds. The world record, as noted by the International Game Fish Association, is a specimen weighing 123 pounds.

What do Flathead Catfish eat?

Flathead Catfish are opportunistic predators with a diet that includes fish, insects, annelid worms, and crustaceans. They are known for their preference for live prey. Their role as apex predators in their ecosystem helps maintain the balance of aquatic life in their habitats.

How do you catch a Flathead Catfish?

Catching a Flathead Catfish often requires patience and the right technique. Anglers typically use live bait to attract these predators, as they prefer hunting live prey. Night fishing is popular, as Flatheads are nocturnal feeders. Heavy tackle is recommended due to their size and strength.

Are Flathead Catfish good to eat?

Flathead Catfish are considered excellent table fare, with firm, sweet-tasting flesh that is less muddy than some other catfish species. They are a popular catch among anglers not only for sport but also for consumption. Proper handling and preparation can result in a delicious meal.

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    • Largemouth bass are preyed on by adult flathead catfish.
      Largemouth bass are preyed on by adult flathead catfish.