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What Are the Different Types of Vegetable Emulsifiers?

Emily Daw
Emily Daw

Emulsifiers are chemicals that allow oil-based and water-based substances to form a stable mixture, or colloid, rather than separating. On a molecular level, an emulsifier is made up of one end that is water-soluble and one end that is fat-soluble. Emulsifiers can come from either animal or plant sources. The most common types of vegetable emulsifiers include lecithin, biosurfactants and vegetable emulsifying wax.

Lecithin is a fatty acid found in cell membranes and cell walls. It was originally isolated from egg yolks. By the late 20th century, however, most commercial lecithin was extracted from vegetable sources, such as soybeans, coconut oil or palm oil.

Without an emulsifier, the oil in peanut butter would rise to the top of the jar.
Without an emulsifier, the oil in peanut butter would rise to the top of the jar.

In food production, lecithin-based vegetable emulsifiers have a variety of uses. Most often, they keep the various ingredients in food from separating over time. The oils in peanut butter, for instance, will often rise to the top of the jar without the aid of some sort of vegetable emulsifier. On the other hand, brominated vegetable oils are often added as a clouding agent to liquids, such as fruit juices that are already stable.

Surfactants, or surface-active agents, are a class of emulsifiers that work by reducing surface tension in water and oil molecules. Both commercial and household cleaning agents often use surfactants, which can dissolve the bonds between surfaces and contaminants. Most surfactants are petroleum-based, which many believe have a strongly negative environmental impact. Scientists in the late 20th and early 21st century, however, were beginning to produce various types of organic surfactants, or biosurfactants, from plant sources. Vegetable emulsifiers that work as surfactants can be extracted from vegetable oils in much the same way that lecithin is produced.

Vegetable emulsifiers can also be made into waxes that are used in cosmetics to suspend pigments within a water or oil base. Cosmetics often contain animal-based emulsifiers that some consumers find objectionable. Vegetable emulsifying wax can be a viable alternative for some people, although others may object to trace amounts of artificial chemicals that may be found in the wax.

Discussion Comments

anon996009

Would a mixture of oil and water, shaken together with Alligare (permerthrine 39%) mix to form a good floating weed (such as Duckweed) killer? I need to create a "floating" killer for the Duckweed as it keeps regrowing after repeated applications of the properly diluted mixture of Permethrin and water because it is a "contact" killer - and thus, after the huge dilution of the pond water and the mixture (even tho it has killed the weeds on the surface) the permerthrin is dispersed into the water and is no longer effective. Permerthrin is harmless to animal life and I realize that the oil would be. I'm considering using a vegetable oil to reduce the risk of animal poisoning. Would that be as effective? --sayger2

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    • Without an emulsifier, the oil in peanut butter would rise to the top of the jar.
      By: Meliha Gojak
      Without an emulsifier, the oil in peanut butter would rise to the top of the jar.